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Brain-reading AI model reveals how different brain regions are linked to cognitive functions. Photo: Courtesy of Lu Han
Chinese scientists have developed a “brain-reading” AI model that could help predict the risk of depression among adolescents up to four years in advance by analyzing how humans respond to facial expressions, a technology expected to inspire future development of embodied intelligent humanoids capable of perceiving human emotion and thoughts through nuanced facial cues.
WHO data show that around 332 million people worldwide have depression, about one-third of whom have treatment-resistant forms of the condition. In China, an estimated 95 million people suffer from depression, National Business Daily reported, citing statistics from the China Mental Health Survey.
Using data from a population-based longitudinal adolescent cohort recruited across several European countries, the research team led by Lu Han, assistant professor at the School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University, has built an AI model that predicted which 19-year-olds were more likely to develop depression at the age of 23. The predictions were backed up by an independent clinical cohort of individuals with depression. The team’s paper was published in the journal Science Advances this month.
According to Lu, the study used brain scans taken at age 19 to predict depression-related symptoms at age 23. The study focuses on adolescence because the transition from adolescence to early adulthood is a key developmental period when depressive symptoms can increase rapidly. The earlier risks are identified, the greater the opportunity for prevention, Lu told the Global Times on Monday, adding that the findings need to be further validated in middle-aged and older adults and across different ethnic groups in future research.
In this study, the researchers analyzed data from adolescents in the IMAGEN, a population-based longitudinal cohort recruited across several European countries. At age 19, participants underwent an fMRI emotional-face task, and their emotional symptoms were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Genetic data obtained from blood samples were also analyzed, and participants were followed up at age 23. The researchers examined whether neural representations of angry faces at age 19 were associated with emotional symptoms and could predict elevated emotional symptoms four years later.
According to Lu, people without depression can more easily distinguish emotional changes based on others’ facial expressions and respond accordingly – for example, responding with friendliness to a smiling expression. But people with depression cannot do this, and are more likely to assume people are angry with them.
A brain-aligned deep-learning model developed by Lu’s team suggested that those participants whose brains were less able to distinguish between different facial emotions and tended to perceive others as angry were more likely to develop symptoms of depression and anxiety in adulthood.
The hypothesis that adolescents at risk of depression may respond differently to other people’s facial expressions than those without such risk based on the negative information processing bias long observed in depression research: people at risk of depression are more likely to notice, interpret, or remember negative social information, Lu said.
The researchers focused on angry facial expressions because they signal social threat and rejection, which are closely linked to interpersonal difficulties and negativity bias associated with depression. They hope to further understand how this bias develops within the visual system.
Building on this, they created a deep learning model, which mimics how the brain processes visual information, to predict how the brain encodes abstract emotional concepts such as anger.
They found that 19-year-olds whose response to facial expressions was skewed in favour of negative emotions or memories were the most likely to develop some form of depression.
Based on these findings, Lu’s team then developed a marker that can identify possible warning signs.
According to Lu, the study found that the computational biomarker was linked to the depression-related variant rs11123030 and polygenic risk for depression, suggesting that genetic susceptibility may affect emotional perception. It also provided predictive information beyond family stress and socioeconomic factors, complementing rather than replacing environmental risk factors. Therefore, depression is neither purely genetic nor purely psychological, but a complex mental disorder arising from the interplay of genetic susceptibility, brain development, emotional and cognitive processes, and life experiences.
According to Lu, the study is also expected to advance AI by aligning deep neural networks with human brain activity and using parameter perturbations to probe neural mechanisms, allowing models to both predict and explain how biases may arise.
The findings suggest that future affective computing and embodied AI should go beyond simply labeling facial expressions, incorporating visual details while preventing prior assumptions from overriding real-time sensory input, Lu said, adding that the findings could provide valuable insights for developing more interpretable robotic perception systems that more closely emulate the way humans process emotions.
。 不只有一条江——17℃建德新安江，建德还在全力打造一座城——“轻极限运动之城”。昨天（8月14日）下午，建德举行“轻极限运动”新闻发布会，宣布从本周末起开启为期一个多月的“轻极限运动月”，桨板系列赛、自由潜水室内深度挑战赛、“夏日冬泳”挑战赛等十项赛事将陆续展开。首个项目就是今天在葫芦峡漂流举行的漂流大赛。说起建德，很多人第一反应是17℃的建德新安江，在长三角乃至全国都颇有名气。但很多人不知道，这座坐拥“中国首个气候宜居城市”金字招牌的江南小城，已经悄悄把绿水青山玩成了“水陆空全覆盖”的轻极限运动天堂。正如建德市委常委、宣传部部长蒋哲远在发布会上所言，建德正是依托山水禀赋，成功解锁“轻极限运动”赛道。2025年2月，建德市委市政府首次提出了打造“轻极限运动之城”目标。这里，四季恒温17℃的新安江是天然水上运动场，喀斯特山地地貌撑起了山地越野、攀岩徒步的绝佳场地，再加上航空小镇的低空产业基础，天生就适合发展轻极限运动，全年适宜户外运动的天数超过300天。沿着这个思路，建德直接搭起了一套“水、陆、空”三位一体的产品体系：天上有跳伞、低空飞行，水上有桨板、潜水、夏日冬泳，山地有速降、飞拉达、徒步……“目前全市已梳理出45个轻极限运动项目，成熟可体验的就有40余个，新手小白能轻松入门，硬核玩家也能找到专业赛场。”蒋哲远说。
B | 接下来一个月，可以说是建德“轻极限”成果的集中秀场。8月15日，建德轻极限运动漂流大赛在葫芦峡漂流开漂；8月15日—16日，2026杭州桨板系列赛在建德博物馆旁的新安江水域开赛，同时段勇峰自行车公园山地速降赛同步热血开骑；8月18日—20日，2026年浙江省青少年无人机足球超级联赛落地航空小镇；8月22日—23日，建德经典IP17℃新安江“夏日冬泳”挑战赛升级回归；9月13日，2026建德楠木林越野赛开跑；9月25日—27日，“水之极杯”自由潜水室内深度挑战赛在水之极潜水酒店上演。9月，还有三场活动齐发：浙江省首届路亚钓大赛在七里扬帆开赛；第二届全国飞水漂公开赛在梅城镇开赛；2026浙里乡村健康跑·建德站在严州古城开跑。赛事版图分层清晰、覆盖全人群——既有深耕多年的“夏日冬泳”经典传统品牌赛事，也有桨板系列赛、自由潜休闲混合赛、勇峰山地速降赛等专业细分领域标杆赛事。接下来的一个月，你要不也去建德“轻极限”一回？。
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